[7] In EFY 20072008, the CSA reported that 17,827,387.94 quintals of pulses were produced on 1,517,661.93 hectares, an increase from the 15,786,215.3 quintals produced on 1,379,045.77 hectares. [11], The primary motive for the expansion of state farms was the desire to reverse the drop in food production that has continued since the revolution. Washington, DC 20230. However, opponents of villagization argued that the scheme was disruptive to agricultural production because the government moved many farmers during the planting and harvesting seasons. In addition to red meat, there are emerging opportunities in chicken, egg, and dairy production and processing. In fact, Ethiopia recently started importing chicken meat from Ukraine and Brazil. Of an estimated 750,000 hectares of private commercial farms in operation at the time of the 1975 land proclamation, 67,000 hectares were converted into State Farms that, beginning in 1979, were operated by a new Ministry of State Farms. J. Abstract The objective of this study was to perform causality tests between agriculture and the rest of the economy using a Granger (1969) causality test procedure. But in the northern highlands, where title to farm land was shared amongst members of descent groups, many people resisted land reform. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. The opportunities and constraints facing Ethiopian agriculture are strongly influenced by conditions which vary across geographical space. Ensete flour constitutes the staple food of the local people. Accordingly, state farms received a large share of the country's resources for agriculture; from 1982 to 1990, this totaled about 43% of the government's agricultural investment. Growing demand for water supply and drainage systems, pumps, and drilling equipment is expected. Ethiopias current level of wheat and soybean production is insufficient to satisfy domestic demand. In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. [7], Livestock production plays an important role in Ethiopia's economy. The principal grains are teff, wheat, barley, corn, sorghum, and millet. At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners. It purchased grain from peasant associations at fixed prices. This site contains PDF documents. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment. Grains are the most important field crops and the chief element in the diet of most Ethiopians. Ethiopia's economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for 46% of GDP and 85% of total employment. The economic plan prescribes the following comprehensive measures to overcome the challenges facing the agricultural sector: Enhance productivity of small-holder farmers and pastoralists through provision of modern inputs and services; Develop a legal framework that will allow farmers to lease land and to become shareholders in large commercial farms; Modernize livestock production through improving veterinary infrastructure, research and innovation, and establishing linkages with other industries; Establish effective linkages between agriculture producers and commodity markets as well as the commercial value chain; Encourage private sector investment in agricultural R&D and exploring PPPs to expand medium and large-scale irrigation infrastructure; and. 3. Potential niche market for wheat and soybean exports. Nonetheless, agricultural output rose by an estimated 3 percent in 199091, almost certainly in response to the relaxation of government regulation. Agriculture. Common vegetables include onions, peppers, squash, and a cabbage similar to kale. [7], The plains and low foothills west of the highlands have sandy and gray-to-black clay soils. Agriculture accounts for 36% percent of the nation's Gross domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020. [27], Poultry farming is widely practiced in Ethiopia; almost every farmstead keeps some poultry for consumption and for cash sale. Teff, indigenous to Ethiopia, furnishes the flour for enjera, an sourdough pancake-like bread that is the principal form in which grain is consumed in the highlands and in urban centers throughout the country. Kassaye Tolassa . In Ethiopia, agricultural export development is done in livestock, grains, vegetables, fruits, and fruits. Consequently, individual holdings were frequently far smaller than the permitted maximum allotment of ten hectares. Furthermore, the ten-year plan envisages to build a climate resilient green economy. Firstly, various policies that discouraged private sector participation in economic activity were implemented during the socialist era (between 1978 and 1992). Since the revolution, most commercial cotton has been grown on irrigated state farms, mostly in the Awash Valley area. Agricultural production has been highly dependent on natural resources for centuries [].However, increased human population and other factors have degraded the natural resources in the country thus seriously threatening sustainable agriculture and food security [2, 3]. D. espite the countr. [7] Since the fall of the Derg, there have been a number of initiatives to improve the food supply, which include research and training by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. These activities have contributed to higher yields and increased production of both crops and livestock. Top 3 Exported Goods (2021): Coffee & Spices, Vegetables, and Oil Seeds. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment.. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). Supply and demand characteristics 2 2.3. Agriculture is defined as the purposeful tending of animals and plants.It provides: basic food supplies for the population; raw materials like cotton, sugar cane, oil seeds, etc. [7], During the imperial era, the government failed to implement widespread conservation measures, largely because the country's complex land tenure system stymied attempts to halt soil erosion and improve the land. To achieve this, the GOE seeks to leverage on developing huge unutilized arable land, modernizing production systems, and improving uptake of technology. [7], Although the issue of land reform was not addressed until the Ethiopian Revolution in 1974, the government had tried to introduce programs to improve the condition of farmers. These conditions include basic agricultural production potentials, access to input and output markets, and local population densities which represent both labor availability and local demand for food. Resembling the banana but bearing an inedible fruit, the plant produces large quantities of starch in its underground rhizome and an above-ground stem that can reach a height of several meters. In EFY 197475, pulses and oilseeds accounted for 34% of export earnings (about 163 million Birr), but this share declined to about 3% (about 30 million Birr) in EFY 198889. [17], Although varying from region to region, the role of livestock in the Ethiopian economy was greater than the figures suggest. The expected growth from these agriculture-related industries offers numerous opportunities for agricultural input sales, such as tractors and harvesters, farm trucks, fertilizer, irrigation equipment, grain handling systems, food and livestock processing equipment, as well as cold storage facilities. ", Table D.1.1, "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Statistical Appendix", p. 26. In Wollo Province, for example, there were an estimated 111 types of land tenure. Export sales of U.S. cotton are expected as demand increases. y's natural potential, the agricultural performance remains weak; high dependency on rain-fed Adigrat University, College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production and Technology, Adgrat, Tigray, Ethiopia Address: Adigrat University, P.O.Box 50 Abstract: Ethiopia is endowed with diverse cattle genetic resources adapted to various local environmental conditions and acquired unique features. Foreign Direct Investment Attraction Events, Services for U.S. Companies New to Exporting, Services for U.S. Companies Currently Exporting, Leading Sectors for US Exports & Investments, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Licensing Requirements for Professional Services, Improve income and livelihood options for farming and pastoral communities through increased productivity and competitiveness, Raise export of agricultural output and substitute imports, Make agriculture a viable and profitable enterprise through value addition, Enhance livestock health access and quality, Preserve animal genetic resources and increase pastoral research, Improve the development of animal feed and access to markets, Develop livestock specific extension package for each livestock type. Agriculture. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. "Agriculture" (and subsections). Because most of the lowlands lack adequate rainfall, cotton cultivation depends largely on irrigation. The third most important oilseed is sesame, which grows at elevations from sea level to about 1,500 meters. Depending on international market conditions and local demand factors, there may be opportunities in the future for U.S. wheat and soybean sales to Ethiopia. Both animals have high sales value in urban centers, particularly during holidays such as Easter and New Year's Day. About 70 percent of the cattle in 1987 were in the highlands (commonly involved in transhumance),[26] and the remaining 30 percent were kept by nomadic pastoralists in the lowland areas. [15], About 98 percent of the coffee was produced by peasants on smallholdings of less than a hectare, and the remaining 2 percent was produced by state farms. Ethiopia aims to reach lower-middle-income status by 2025. "National Statistical Abstract. Characteristics and challenges of the Ethiopian highlands farming systems. Download. Due to physical, economic and social factors the. Although the MPPs improved the agricultural productivity of farmers, particularly in the project areas, there were many problems associated with discrimination against small farmers (because of a restrictive credit system that favored big landowners) and tenant eviction. In the 1980s, as part of an effort to increase production and to improve the cultivation and harvesting of coffee, the government created the Ministry of Coffee and Tea Development (now the ECTA), which was responsible for production and marketing. Ethiopia's agricultural sector has developed favourably over the past decade, but rapid population growth, limited access to fertile land, and volatile agricultural outcomes pose problems for the . Pulses were a particularly important export item before the revolution. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. "Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020", "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy", "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues Series", "National Statistical Abstract. According to government statistics, there are approximately 50 million cattle, 50 million goats and sheep, plus an assortment of horses, donkeys, camels and chickens. Production is overwhelmingly of a subsistence nature, and a large part of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. During the rainy seasons, water and grass are generally plentiful, but with the onset of the dry season, forage is generally insufficient to keep animals nourished and able to resist disease. The Ethiopian Government set up the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) to reach certain goals between 2011 and 2015. Most oilseeds are raised by small-scale farmers, but sesame was also grown by large-scale commercial farms before the era of land reform and the nationalization of agribusiness. landholdings are tiny, fragmented and unsuitable for modern methods of agriculture. For northwest and central Ethiopia, fertilizer usage determinants are estimated simultaneously with technology-specific production functions. [7], Cattle in Ethiopia are almost entirely of the zebu type and are poor sources of milk and meat. The beneficial climate in the Highlands of Ethiopia also enabled irrigation and other advanced agricultural technology. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. Background and Objective: Detailed characterization of bio-physical resources in agricultural landscapes and documenting locally used soil fertility management practices is required for developing site-specific management scenarios in the study area. In Ethiopia, agriculture is the mainstay of the majority of the population and major driver of the national economy. The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. The study aimed to characterize the reproductive performances and physical characteristics of Blackhead Somali indigenous sheep breeds. Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Administration & Control Authority (VDAFACA), NationalAnimalHealthDiagnosticand InvestigationCenter(NAHDIC), Ethiopia Agricultural Business Corporation (EABC), International Trade Administration
Where the topography permits, they are suitable for farming. [27], Most of Ethiopia's estimated 48 million sheep and goats are raised by small farmers who used them as a major source of meat and cash income. The clearing of land for agricultural use and the cutting of trees for fuel gradually changed the scene, and today forest areas have dwindled to less than 4% of Ethiopia's total land. The market is segmented by type into food crops, fruits, and vegetables. After the 1975 land reform, peasants began withholding grain from the market to drive up prices because government price-control measures had created shortages of consumer items. This government-led outreach, combined with low labor and electricity costs, has already yielded fruits with a number of Turkish, Indian, Chinese, Indonesian and other foreign firms opening businesses in Ethiopia in recent years. Agricultural inputs, seeds, machinery and equipment used in cotton production. Ethiopia is also Africa's second biggest maize producer. These programs should also result in Ethiopia getting to middle income status by 2025. Vertisols are very important soils in Ethiopian agriculture. Prior to the Revolution, urbanization increased the demand for fruit, leading to the establishment of citrus orchards in areas with access to irrigation in Shewa, Arsi, Hararghe, and Eritrea. Ethiopias commercial red meat (beef, mutton and goat) industry has made remarkable progress to date and shows considerable growth potential for the future. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Source: Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, Total Market Size = (Total Local Production + Total Imports) (Total Exports). However, it is also one of the poorest, with a per capita gross national income of $960. Farmers' group formation accompanies the reform process. The plough shaft, beam and ploughshare are made of wood and the sickle, pick axe, plow are made of metal. [7], The consumption of vegetables and fruits is relatively limited, largely because of their high cost. The poor performance of agriculture was related to several factors, including drought; a government policy of controlling prices and the free movement of agricultural products from surplus to deficit areas; the unstable political climate; the dislocation of the rural community caused by resettlement, villagization, and conscription of young farmers to meet military obligations; land tenure difficulties and the problem of land fragmentation; the lack of resources such as farm equipment, better seeds, and fertilizers; and the overall low level of technology. Additionally, camels provide pastoralists in those areas with milk and meat. Agriculture. Brighter Green, 2. Ethiopia follows the Julian calendar consisting of 12 months of 30 days each and a 13th month of 5 or 6 days. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee . In fact, over 50% of the daily caloric intake of an average household is from wheat, sorghum, and corn. There may also be future opportunities for equipment and systems to process these commodities. major pulse crops grown in the country are chickpea, haricot beans, lentils, fababean and peas, The Ethiopian Orthodox Church traditionally has forbidden consumption of animal fats on many days of the year. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. [23], Ethiopia has great potential for increased livestock production, both for local use and for export. Three factors contributed to the decline in the relative importance of pulses and oilseeds. The MOA is supporting the development of the countrys livestock sector, which is one of the largest in Africa. Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation (ETBC). Ethiopia's development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the . In the case of the textile and apparel sector, a shortage of locally-produced cotton suggests a need for cotton imports, including from the United States. Meat and poultry processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Merkebu Getachew. The high concentration of animals in the highlands, together with the fact that cattle are often kept for status, reduces the economic potential of Ethiopian livestock. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the physiographic characteristics of agricultural lands, farmers . NEED FOR A SPECIFIC TREATMENT OF AGRICULTURE . To evaluate the genetic diversity of Ethiopian potato cultivars, and to assess their relationship with germplasm from North America, Europe and the International Potato Center (CIP), 8303 SNP markers were used to characterize 44 local Ethiopian cultivars, as well as . Agriculture as a producer of positive externalities and public goods 2 2.4. Furthermore, the GOE vowed to begin exporting wheat to neibhouring countries by 2023 by tapping into the huge production potential due to its various favorable agro-ecologies and through expansion of wheat production area under irrigation to achieve self-sufficiency and reduce wheat imports. "National Statistical Abstract. Therefore, investment in commercial farming requires considerable due diligence. Ethiopia is endowed with abundant agricultural resources and has diverse agro-ecological zones. Principal crops include coffee, pulses (e.g., beans), oilseeds, cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, and vegetables. Agriculture accounted for 50% of GDP, 83.9% of exports, and 80% of the labor force in 2006 and 2007, compared to 44.9%, 76.9% and 80% in 20022003, and agriculture remains the Ethiopian economy's most important sector. areas like Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh, elsewhere it is practiced on traditional lines. Flaxseed, also indigenous, is cultivated in the same general area as Niger seed. As a result, a number of Indian entrepreneurs are relocating to Ethiopia to develop its thriving flower industry which has led to gains in market share at the expense of neighboring countries. A couple of U.S. investors have also entered the market. Sorghum and millet, which are drought resistant, grow well at low elevations where rainfall is less reliable. Citation: Kehali Jembere, Tekalign Mamo and Kibebew Kibret, 2017. Ethiopia has an extremely diverse topography, climate, culture, population distribution and market access. With about 117 million people (2021), Ethiopia is the second most populous nation in Africa after Nigeria, and still the fastest growing economy in the region, with 6.3% growth in FY2020/21. Ethiopia is well positioned because highland temperatures make it ideal for horticulture, the average wage rate is US$20 per month (compared to US$60 a month in India), the price of leased land is about US$13 per hectare, and the government has tremendously aided the entry of new businesses into this sector in recent years. [7], The effect of the Derg's land reform program on food production and its marketing and distribution policies were among two of the major controversies surrounding the revolution. Some estimates indicated that yields on peasant farms were higher than those on state farms. The problem became so serious that Mengistu lashed out against the peasantry on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of military rule in September 1978. However, these cattle do relatively well under the traditional production system. [7] According to the Central Statistical Agency (CSA), in 2008 the average Ethiopian farmer holds 1.2 hectares of land, with 55.13% of them holding less than 1.0 hectare. Primarily, growth in the market should reach 8.1 percent per year during this time frame. Ethiopia's crop agriculture is complex, involving substantial variation in crops grown across the country's different regions and ecologies. In addition, the GOE is looking to the agro-processing sector (also a best prospect sector detailed below) as one engine to spur future economic growth. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation[1] caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). Agricultural products account for . Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. Corn is grown chiefly between elevations of 1,500 and 2,200 meters and requires large amounts of rainfall to ensure good harvests. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Some of these products, especially the textiles, apparel, leather goods, and finished meat products are targeted for export markets in order to generate foreign exchange. The vision of the CSA is to be a center of excellence in . In this regard, the CSA conducts, produces, disseminates and administers data generated from surveys and censuses in Ethiopia. In chtse area intensive farming is carried on in limited. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. The food deficit estimate for the 198589 period indicated that production averaged about 6 million tons while demand reached about 10 million tons, thus creating an annual deficit of roughly 4 million tons. Since the 2000s, Ethiopia has emerged as one of the fastest-growing economies in Africa. Before the revolution, large-scale commercial cotton plantations were developed in the Awash Valley and the Humera areas. [25], Both the imperial and the Marxist governments tried to improve livestock production by instituting programs such as free vaccination, well-digging, construction of feeder roads, and improvement of pastureland, largely through international organizations such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank. A large chunk of this commercially produced red meat, most of which is currently mutton and goat meat is exported to the Middle East in order to generate foreign exchange. in addition to these cereals, they produce different types of fruits and coffee which are not seasonal. [5] Ethiopia's livestock population is believed to be the largest in Africa, and in 20062007 livestock accounted for 10.6% of Ethiopia's export income, with leather and leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%. The data from 460 sheep were used for the determination of morphometric characterization while 110 male sheep and 150 females were used to characterize the reproductive performance of Blackhead Somali sheep breeds. A 1979 study showed that around Addis Ababa individual holdings ranged from 1.0 to 1.6 hectares and that about 48 percent of the parcels were less than one-fourth of a hectare in size. The main objective of this review is to indicate the policy gaps in terms of access . Hence, fewer people send their cattle in transhumance.[29]. Resultantly there has been significant uptake of resistant wheat varieties among Ethiopian farmers since 2014.